“THE HOUSING SITUATION IS HARDER FOR NATIVES:” AN ECOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF HOUSING ISSUES FOR OLDER INDIGENOUS ADULTS1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63315/cjnsoa.v42i1.2904Abstract
The rapidly growing older Indigenous adult population in Canada is creating an increasing need for housing and other services. In this study, we examined the characteristics of older Indigenous adults in Atlantic Canada, their current housing situations, and their housing needs from an ecological perspective. A total of 25 older Indigenous adults participated in focus groups. Our results highlight that the ecological model is useful in identifying various types of housing issues that exist and supports that are needed to meet the various individual, interpersonal, environmental, and cultural needs of older Indigenous adults. Many salient issues relevant to older Indigenous adults are located at the macrosystem level of the model. Additional resources should be made available to assist older Indigenous adults to remain living in their homes, to maintain and modify their homes, and to be contributing members of their communities. For those who wish to relocate, additional models of housing need to be made available that are designed to meet the diverse physical, social, and cultural needs of older Indigenous adults.
References
Alaazi, D. A., Masuda, J. R., Evans, J., & Distasio, J. (2015). Therapeutic landscapes of home: Exploring Indigenous peoples’ experiences of a Housing First intervention in Winnipeg. Social Science & Medicine, 146, 30-37. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.057
Assembly of First Nations. (2007). Sustaining the caregiving cycle: First Nations people and aging. Ottawa, ON: Author.
Atlantic Aboriginal Economic Development Integrated Research Program. (n.d.). APCFNC Elders Project: Honouring Traditional Knowledge. Retrieved from https://www.apcfnc.ca/images/uploads/ResearchSummaryHonouringTraditionalKnowled geResearchSummary.pdf
Barker, G. (2008). Housing. Architecture Australia, 97(5), 115-115.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Six theories of child development (pp. 187-249). UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Bruce, D., Weatherston, T., Higham, J., & Reid, J., (1998). Addressing Special Housing Needs in First Nation Communities: Final Report. (Ca1 MH 98A27). Ottawa, ON: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
Buijis, R., Ross-Kerr, J., Cousins, S., & Wilson, D. (2003). Promoting participation: Evaluation of a health promotion program for low income seniors. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 20(2), 93-107.
Burns, A. (2005). Acceptance of Manufactured Housing in First Nations Communities of the Atlantic Region (Ca1 MH 05A15). Ottawa, ON: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
Carter, T. & Polevychok. C. (2004, December). Housing is Good Social Policy. Canadian Policy Research Networks. Research Report F|50. Ottawa, ON.
Cheney Holdings Inc. (2004, July). Métis Elders: Circle Housing Research Project: A Study to Determine Respectful Sustainable Housing Options for Métis Elders in Saskatoon.
Christenson, J. (2016). Indigenous housing and health in the Canadian North: revisiting cultural safety. Health & Place, 40, 83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.05.003
Cooke, M., Guimond, E., & McWhirter, J. (2008). The changing well-being of older adult registered Indians: An analysis using the Registered Indian Human Development Index. Canadian Journal on Aging, 27(4), 385-397.
Deane, L., & Smoke, E. (2010). Designing affordable housing with Cree, Anishinabe, and Métis people. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 19(1), 51-70.
Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 1-11.
First Nations Information Governance Centre. (2018). National Report of the First Nations Regional Health Survey. Phase 3: Volume One. Ottawa, ON: Author.
Fuller-Thomson, E. (2005). Canadian First Nations grandparents raising grandchildren: A portrait in resilience. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60(4), 331-342.
Government of Canada (2018). Canada’s National Housing Strategy: A Place to Call Home. https://housing-infrastructure.canada.ca/alt-format/pdf/housing-logement/ptchcsd/canada-national-housing-strategy.pdf
Go-Sam, C. (2008). Working with and against indigenous design paradigms. Architecture Australia, 97(5), 53-58.
Keiser, K. L., Farris, N., Stoupa, R., & Agrawal, S. (2009). Public and community health nursing interventions with vulnerable primary clients: A pilot study. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 26(2), 87-97.
Krueger, R. A., (1998). Moderating Focus Groups. The Focus Group Kit Volume 4, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Luborsky, M. R. (1994). The identification and analysis of themes and patterns. In J. F. Gubrium & A. Sankar (Eds.). Qualitative Methods in Aging Research (pp. 189-210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lange, L., Skelton, I., & Meade, T. (2010). "I want to see these words turned into action": Neoliberalism and urban housing for elderly people of aboriginal origin. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 19(1), 71-88.
Mackin, N. & Nyce, D. (2005). Architecture for Elder Health in Remote British Columbia: A Nisga’a-led Research. External Research Program. Ottawa, ON: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
MacTavish, T., Marceau, M-O., Optis, M., Shaw, K., Stephenson, P., & Wild, P. (2012). A participatory process for the design of housing for a First Nations Community. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 27, 207-224. doi: 10.1007/s10901-01109253-6
Memmott, P. (2008). Delivering culturally appropriate aboriginal housing. Architecture Australia, 97(5), 61-64.
Moran, M. F. (2004). The practice of participatory planning at Mapoon aboriginal settlement: Towards community control, ownership and autonomy. Australian Geographical Studies, 42(3), 339-355.
Neutze, M. (2000). Housing for indigenous Australians. Housing Studies, 15(4), 485-504.
National Housing Strategy (2024, December). Progress on the national housing strategy. ` Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada. https://housing-infrastructure.canada.ca/alt-format/pdf/housing-logement/ptch-csd/prognhs-dec-2024-dec-snl-en.pdf
O’Donnell, V., & Tait, H. (2004). Well-being of the non-reserve Aboriginal population. Canadian Social Trends, 72, 19-23.
Pecarski, R. Eberle, M., & Hulchanski, D. (1989). Housing Indian Elders On-Reserve (Ca1 MH 89H52).Ottawa, ON: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
Rosenberg, M. W., Wilson, K., Aboni, S., Wiebe, A., Beach, K., & Lovelace, R. (2009). Older Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Demographics, health status and access to healthcare. Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population Research Paper No. 249. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
Shier, M. L., Graham, J. R., Fukuda, E., & Turner, A. (2015). Risk and protective factors of precarious housing among Indigenous people living in urban centres in Alberta, Canada, Canadian Review of Social Policy/ Revue Canadienne de Politique Sociale, 72/73, pp. 65-94.
Ship, S. J. (1997). Aging and cultural diversity: A cross-cultural approach. In Touch, 7(4), 1-33.
Silverman, D. (2005). Doing Qualitative Research (2nd Ed.). London: Sage.
Special Senate Committee on Aging, (2009). Government response to the report of the special senate committee on aging: Canada’s aging population: Seizing the opportunity. Ottawa, ON.
Spurr, P, Meltzer, I., & Engeland, J. (2002, September). Special Studies on 1996 Housing Data: Housing Conditions of North America Indian, Métis, and Inuit households in Canada. Research Highlights Socio-economic Series 55-10. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation
Statistics Canada. (2014). Government of Canada - Action for Seniors report. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/seniors-actionreport.html#tc2a
Statistics Canada. (2017). Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 census. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/dailyquotidien/171025/dq171025a-eng.htm
Traulsen, J. M., Almarsdottir, A. B., & Bjorndottir, I. (2004). Interviewing the moderator: An ancillary method to focus groups. Qualitative Health Research, 14(5), 714-725.
Tudge, J. R. H., Mokrova, I., Hatfield, B. E., & Karnik, R. B. (2009). Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory of human development. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1, 198-210.
Walker, R. C. (2006). Searching for Aboriginal/indigenous self-determination: Urban citizenship in the Winnipeg low-cost-housing sector, Canada. Environment & Planning A, 38(12), 2345-2363.
Webber, P. C. (2015). Housing triggers health problems for Canada’s First Nations. The Lancet, 385, 495-496.
Wilson, K., Rosenberg, M. W., & Abonyi, S. (2010). Aboriginal peoples, health and healing approaches: The effects of age and place on health. Social Science & Medicine, 72, 355-364. doi: 10.1177/1359105309353648
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Lori E. Weeks, Christie Stilwell

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This license enables reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND includes the following elements:
BY: credit must be given to the creator.
NC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted.
ND: No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted.