AMERICAN LAND TREATIES AND THE RED RIVER MÉTIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63315/cjnsoa.v42i1.2898Abstract
None
References
Primary Literature
American Government: Removal of Dakota and Winnebago Indians (To accompany bills H.R. Nos. 613 and 614). 37th Congress 3d Session, House of Representatives Report no. 13, January 26, 1863.
American Government: Chippewa Half-Breeds of Lake Superior. 42nd Congress, 2nd Session, March 15, 1872. House Executive Document 193, Serial set 1513. CIA Walker to Department of the Interior, March 8, 1872, Serial Set 1513.
Andrews, C. C.: Minnesota and Dacotah, Farnham, Washington, 1857.
Beadle, J.H.: Five Years in the Territories, National Publishing Corporation, Chicago, 1873.
Begg, Alexander: Red River Journal and Other Papers Relative to the Red River Resistance of 1869-1870, The Champlain Society, Toronto, 1956.
Bond, J. Wesley: Minnesota and its Resources, Redfield, New York 1853.
Bryant, Charles and Murch, Abel: A History of the Great Massacre by the Sioux Indians in Minnesota, Rickey and Carroll Publishers, Cincinnati, 1864.
Bryce, George: Manitoba: Its Infancy, Growth and Present Conditions, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, London, 1882.
Canada, Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Affairs of the Indians in Canada: Report on the Affairs of Indians in Canada. Section I History of Relations between the Government and the Indians, Appendix EEE, Ottawa, 1845.
Deloria, Vine and DeMallie, Raymond J. (eds.): Documents of American Indian Diplomacy Vol. II, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1999.
Diamon, C.A.R., Colonel: The War of the Rebellion. U.S. First Volunteer Infantry, Commanding Post to Headquarters Post Commandant, Fort Rice, Dakota Territory, Jan.24, 1865, US War Department, Series 1, Vol.48, Part 1.
Doutre, Joseph: Constitution of Canada, John Lovell and Son, Montreal, 1880. Ewing, T.: Pembina Settlement. Letter from the Secretary of War Transmitting Report of Major Wood, relative to his expedition to Pembina Settlement: and the condition of affairs on the North-Western frontier of the Territory of Minnesota. Secretary of the Interior to Department of the Interior, Washington, April 4, 1849, in 31st Congress 1st Session, House of Representatives, Executive Document 51 Washington, 1850.
Francis A.: The Indian Question, Osgood and Company, Boston, 1874.
Great Britain: A Bill [Nr.240] Intituled for An Act Enabling Her Majesty to Accept a Surrender Upon Terms of the Lands, Privileges, and Rights of “The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson’s Bay” and for Admitting the Same into the Dominion of Canada, The House of Commons, London 1865.
Head, Edmund Walker: Sioux Indians: Copies or Extracts of All the Correspondence between the Commanding Officers of the United States Troops in Minnesota and the Resident Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Red River, Respecting a Tribe of Sioux Indians Who Were Refugees within the British Territory, A.G. Dallas to Thomas Fraser, Hudson Bay House, London, Dec. 11, 1863; Parliamentary papers, Great Britain. Parliament, House of Commons, 1864.
Hind, Henry, Y.: Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857 and the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition of 1858, Greenwood Press, New York, Vol. I, 1860.
Hudson Bay Company: "A million:" shall we take it?: addressed to the shareholders of the [Hudson Bay] company by one of themselves. A.H. Baily, 1866. Isbister, A.K.: On the Hudson Bay Territories. Journal of the Society of Arts; London. Vol. 9, (Nov. 23, 1860).
Jackson, Helen Hunt. A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government’s Dealings with some of the Indian Tribes. Corner House Publishers, Williamstown, 1973.
Jackson, Helen Hunt, and University of Virginia. The Wards of the United States Government. Generic NL, Freebook Publisher, 1998.
Keim, R.: Sheridan’s Troopers on the Borders: a Winter Campaign on the Plains, Routledge and Sons, New York, 1885.
Macoun, J.: Manitoba and the Great North West, The World Publishing Company, Guelph, 1882.
Manypenny, George Washington: Our Indian wards, R. Clark, 1880.
Marble, Manton: To the Red River and Beyond, in Harpers New Monthly Magazine No. CXXIII Vol. XXI, 1860.
Marcy, R.B.: Thirty Years of Army Life on the Border, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1866.
Millington Henry, Synge: The colony of Rupert's Land, where is it and by what title held?: a dialogue on England: her interests in North America and in free intercourse, against certain contrary pretentions on the part of the Hudson Bay Company, E. Stanford, London, 1863.
Millington Henry, Synge: On practical communication with the Red River District, central British America, or, "Alleged impossibility solved by example": an illustration applied towards the unity of the empire of Great Britain, 1870.
Murphy, L.E.. Women, Networks, and Colonization, in Nineteenth Century Wisconsin, in Nicole St. Onge, Carolyn Podruchny & Brenda Macdougall (eds.) Contours of a People: Metis Family, Mobility, and History, 6, 230. 2012
Prucha, F. P. (ed.) Documents of United States Indian Policy, Nebraska 2021.
Rich, E.E.: London Correspondence Inward from Eden Colville 1849-1852, The Hudson Bay Record Society, London, 1956.
Rich, E.E.: Hudson’s Bay Company 1670-1870, Vol.2 1763-1870, The Hudson Bay Record Society, London, 1959.
Ritterbusch, Lauren W.: Fur Trade Posts at Pembina: An Archeological Perspective of North Dakota’s Earliest Fur Trade Center, in Janet Daley Lysengen and Ann M. Rathke (eds.) The Centennial Anthology of North Dakota History, State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck 1996.
Ross, Alexander: The Red River Settlement, Smith, Elder and Co., London, 1856.
Southesk, James Carnegie: Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains, Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh, 1874.
Synge, Millington Henry: The lakes and canals of Canada, Royal United Service, 1866.
Walker, F.A.: The Indian Question, in The North American Review, Vol.116 (2), 1873.
Walker, F.A.: The Indian Question, James R. Osgood and Co. Boston, 1874.
West, John: The substance of a journal during a residence at the Red River Colony, British North America: and frequent excursions among the North-west American Indians, in the years 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, L.B. Seeley Printer, London, 1824.
West, John A.M.: The Substance of A Journal During a Residence at the Red River Colony., British North America in the Years 1820-1923, Alcuin Society, Vancouver, 1967.
United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior, Washington, 1877.
Newspapers
Cleveland Morning Leader, 1864.
Globe and Mail, 1857-1870, 1887.
New York Times, 1857-1869.
The Nor-Wester, 1859-1869.
The Weekly Minnesotian, 1857
Secondary Literature
Anderson, Gary: Ethnic Cleaning and the Indian, the Crime that should haunt America, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2014.
Babcock, W. M.: With Ramsey to Pembina A Treaty-Making Trip in 1851, in Minnesota History Magazine, March 1962, http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/38/v38i01p001-010.pdf.
Carley, K. The Dakota war of 1862: Minnesota’s other civil war. St. Paul, MN, 1976.
Cleland, Charles E.L: Faith in Paper, the Ethnography and Litigation of Upper Great Lakes Treaties, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2011.
Clemmons, L. M. (2005). " We Will Talk of Nothing Else": Dakota Interpretations of the Treaty of 1837. Great Plains Quarterly, 25(3), 173-185.
Dusenberry, Verne: Waiting for a Day that Never Comes, in Montana the Magazine of Western History, Vol. 8. No.2 Spring 1958.
Folwell, William.: A History of Minnesota, The Minnesota Historical Society St. Paul 1969, Vol. IV.
Foster, Martha H.: The Spring Creek (Lewistown) Métis and Métis Identity in Montana, in L.J. Barkwell, L. Dorion, D.R. Prefontaine (eds) Métis Legacy, Pemmican Publications, Winnipeg, 2003.
Foster, Martha H.: We Know Who We Are Métis Identity in a Montana Community, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2006.
Genser, Wallace: Habitant, Halfbreed and Homeless Children: Transformations in Métis and Yankee Yorker Relations in Early Michigan, in Michigan Historical Review 24:1, Spring 1998.
Gluek, Alvin C.: The Struggle for the British Northwest, A Study in Canadian-American Relations, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, 1953.
Gluek, Alvin: The Sioux Uprising: A Problem in International Relations, in Minnesota History, Vol. 34, No. 8 (Winter, 1955).
Gluek, Alvin: Manitoba and the Hudson Bay Company, University of Winnipeg Press, 1973.
Gluek, Alvin: Minnesota and the Manifest Destiny of the Canadian North West, University of Toronto Press, 1965.
Grams, Grant W.: The Red River’s Anglophone Community: The Conflicting Views of John Christian Shultz and Alexander Begg, in Manitoba History, No.64, Fall 2010.
Hogue, Michel: The Montana Métis and the Shifting Boundaries of Belonging, in Contours of a People, in Nicole St. Onge, et al., (eds) University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2012. Hogue, Michel: Métis and the Medicine Line, University of Regina Press, 2015.
Huel, Raymond: Proclaiming the Gospel to the Indians and the Métis, University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, 1996.
Ingersoll, Thomas: To Intermix With our White Brothers, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 2005.
Innes, Robert Alexander: Challenging a Racist Fiction: A Closer Look at Métis-First Nations Relations, in Jennifer Adese and Chris Andersen (eds.) A People and a Nation: New Directions in Contemporary Métis Studies, 2021.
Jackson, Curtis and Galli, Marcia J.: A History of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its activities among Indians, San Francisco, 1977.
Lass, William E.: Minnesota, A Bicentennial History, W.W. Norton, New York, 1977. Laviolette, Gontran: The Dakota Sioux in Canada, DLM Publications, Winnipeg, 1991.
Nichols, Roger L.: The United States, Canada and the Indians: 1865–1876, The Social Science Journal, 26:3, 1989.
Macdougall, B., & St-Onge, N. Métis in the borderlands of the northern Plains in the nineteenth century. Sources and methods in Indigenous studies, 257, 2016.
Manitoba: Georges-Antoine Belcourt, Historic Resources Branch, Winnipeg, 1984.
Meyer, Roy W.: History of the Santee Sioux, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1967.
Meyer, Roy W.: The Canadian Sioux: Refugees from Minnesota, Minnesota History, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Spring, 1968).
Morton W.L.: The Kingdom of Canada, McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto, 1972.
Morris, Alexander: The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, Belford, Clarke, and Co. Toronto, 1991.
Murray, Stanley: The Turtle Mountain Chippewa, 1882- 1905, in Larry Remele (ed.) North Dakota History, State Historical Society of North Dakota, 1984.
Owram, Doug: Promise of Eden, The Canadian Expansionist Movement and the Idea of the West, 1856-1900, University of Toronto Press, 1980.
Pannekoek, F.: “Some Comments on the Social Origins of the Riel Protest of 1869“, in Potyondi, B. (ed.) Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Hignell Printing Limited, Winnipeg, 1978.
Pigeon, É., & Podruchny, C. The Mobile Village: Metis Women, Bison Brigades, and Social Order on the Nineteenth-Century Plains. Violence, Order, and Unrest: A History of British North America, 1749–1876, 2019.
Priest, Loring, B.: The Congressional Decision to Use Force, in Richard N. Ellis, The Western American Indian, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1972.
Reardon, James M.: George Anthony Belcourt Pioneer Missionary of the Northwest, in The Canadian Catholic Historical Association, Vol.18, 1951.
Schenck, Theresa: Border Identities: Métis, Half breed and Mixed Blood in Gathering Places: Aboriginal and Fur Trade Histories, Carol Podruchny and Laura Peers (eds) UBC Press Vancouver, 2010.
St-Onge, N. Le poste de La Pointe sur l'île Madeline, tremplin vers le monde franco-anichinabé de la traite des fourrures, Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française, 73 (1-2), 13-43, 2019.
Schultz, Duane: Over the Earth I Come, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1992.
Sharrock, Floyd and Sharrock, Susan: A history of Cree Indian Territorial Expansion from the Hudson Bay Area to the Interior Saskatchewan and Missouri Plains, in David A. Horr (ed.) American Indian Ethnohistory Chippewa Indians VI, Garland Publishing, New York, 1974.
Schultz, Duane: Over the Earth I Come, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1992. St. Onge, Nicole, Saint -Laurent, Manitoba Evolving Métis Identities, 1850-1914. Canadian Plains Research Centre, Regina. 2004.
Trask, Kerry A.: Settlement in a Half-Savage Land: Life and Loss in the Métis Community of La Baye, in Michigan Historical Review 15, Spring 1989.
Unrau, William E.: Mixed Blood and Tribal Dissolution, University Press of Kansas, 1990.
Voegelin, E.W. and Hickerson Harold: Chippewa Indians I, Garland Publishing, New York, 1977.
Warner, Donald F.: Drang Nach Norden: The United States and the Riel Rebellion, in in Wendell H. Stephenson (ed.) The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. XXXIX 1952-1953.
Warner, Donald F.: The Idea of Continental Union, University of Kentucky Press, 1960.
White, Bruce M.: The Power of Whiteness, or the life and times of Joseph Rolette Jr., in Minnesota History Magazine, Winter 1998-1999,
http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/56/v56i04p178-197.pdf, accessed May 26 2021.
White Weasel, Charlie: Old Wild Rice, Belcourt North Dakota, 1988. Winks, Robin W.: The Civil War Years, McGill-Queens University Press, 1998.
Unpublished MA or Ph.D. Thesis
Camp, Greg Scott: The Turtle Mountain Plains-Chippewas and Métis, 1797-1935, Ph.D. Thesis, University of New Mexico, 1987.
Chartier, Clem: Half-Breed Land and Money Scrip: Was this a Constitutionally Valid Method of Extinguishing the Claim to Indian Title?, Law Paper, University of Alberta Library, Saskatoon, 1978.
Gainer, Brenda J.: The Catholic Missionaries of Social Change Among the Métis and Indians of Red River: 1818-1845, M.A. Thesis, Department of History, Carleton University, 1978.
Gaudry, Adam: Kaa-tipeyimishoyaahk - ‘We are those who own ourselves’: A Political History of Métis Self-Determination in the North-West, 1830-1870, Ph.D. University of Victoria, 2014.
Payne, C. R.: Death by economy: liberalism, the Hudson's Bay Company and the free trade movement of the Red River Settlement. Queen's University Master’s Thesis, 2006.
Shaw, John M. In order that justice may be done”: The legal struggle of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa, 1795–1905, The University of Arizona, Ph.D Thesis, 2004.
Shore, Fred: The Canadians and the Métis -The Re-Creation of Manitoba, 1858-1872, Ph.D. University of Manitoba, 1991.
Swan, Ruth: Ethnicity and the Canadianization of Red River Politics, University of Manitoba Master’s Thesis, 1991.
Swan, Ruth: The Crucible-Pembina and the Origins of the Red River Valley Métis, University of Manitoba, Ph.D. Thesis, 2003.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Grants W. Grams.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This license enables reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND includes the following elements:
BY: credit must be given to the creator.
NC: Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted.
ND: No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted.
